Impact on Outcomes across KDIGO-2012 AKI Criteria According to Baseline Renal Function.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are global health problems. The pathophysiology of acute-on-chronic kidney disease (AoCKD) is not well understood. We aimed to study clinical outcomes in patients with previous normal (pure acute kidney injury; P-AKI) or impaired kidney function (AoCKD) across the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI classification. We performed a retrospective study of patients with AKI, divided into P-AKI and AoCKD groups, evaluating clinical and epidemiological features, distribution across KDIGO-2012 criteria, in-hospital mortality and need for dialysis. One thousand, two hundred and sixty-nine subjects were included. AoCKD individuals were older and had higher comorbidity. P-AKI individuals fulfilled more often the serum creatinine (SCr) ≥ 3.0× criterion in AKI-Stage3, AoCKD subjects reached SCr ≥ 4.0 mg/dL criterion more frequently. AKI severity was associated with in-hospital mortality independently of baseline renal function. AoCKD subjects presented higher mortality when fulfilling AKI-Stage1 criteria or SCr ≥ 3.0× criterion within AKI-Stage3. The relationship between mortality and associated risk factors, such as the net increase of SCr or AoCKD status, fluctuated depending on AKI stage and stage criteria sub-strata. AoCKD patients that fulfil SCr increment rate criteria may be exposed to more severe insults, possibly explaining the higher mortality. AoCKD may constitute a unique clinical syndrome. Adequate staging criteria may help prompt diagnosis and administration of appropriate therapy.

Recuentos de células T reguladoras en sangre periférica como biomarcador predictivo del resultado del trasplante renal: revisión sistemática / Peripheral blood regulatory T cell counts as a predictive biomarker for the outcome of kidney transplant: A systematic review

Fundamento y objetivo: Las células T reguladoras circulantes podrían convertirse en un adecuado biomarcador para los trasplantados renales. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto de los inhibidores de la mammalian target of rapamycin (I-mTOR, «diana de rapamicina en células de mamífero») en las células reguladoras, y el interés clínico de este efecto. Material y métodos: Revisión sistemática de trabajos publicados y no publicados. Bases de datos y repositorios del mundo entero. Se buscaron ensayos controlados aleatorizados y estudios de cohortes que compararon recuentos de células reguladoras y episodios de rechazo entre trasplantados tratados con y sin I-mTOR. Los trabajos podían medir la correlación células reguladoras-filtrado glomerular. Se evaluó la codependencia células reguladoras-eficacia de los I-mTOR. Resultados: Se incluyeron 5 ensayos y 9 estudios. Las diferencias clínicas no permitieron una estimación cuantitativa del efecto de la inmunosupresión en el número de células reguladoras. Sin embargo, observamos que hay más células reguladoras con sirolimus o everolimus. El número de episodios de rechazo fue similar con anticalcineurínicos que con I-mTOR, a pesar de las diferencias en el número de células reguladoras. La correlación combinada células reguladoras-filtrado glomerular fue prospectivamente de 0,114, con un intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC 95%) de 0,062-0,406, y retrospectivamente, de 0,13 (IC 95% 0,0-0,361). Existen pruebas directas, aunque de bajo nivel (aleatorización estratificada por el biomarcador), respecto a la codependencia células reguladoras-eficacia de los I-mTOR. Conclusión: El número de células reguladoras puede asociarse a buenos resultados o desenlaces en los tratados con I-mTOR (eficacia antirrechazo), considerando la relación entre estas células y la función del injerto. Registro: PROSPERO (CRD42016046285) (AU)

Background and objective: Circulating regulatory T cells could become a suitable biomarker for kidney recipients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors on regulatory T cell numbers, and the clinical interest of this effect. Material and methods: Systematic review of published and unpublished studies. Worldwide databases or repositories. Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies comparing regulatory T cell counts and rejection episodes between patients with and without mTOR inhibitors were searched. Correlation of regulatory T cells-glomerular filtration rate might be supplied. Co-dependency regulatory T cells-mTOR inhibitors efficacy was evaluated. Results: Five trials and 9 studies were included. Clinical differences made it difficult to obtain quantitative estimates of the effect of immunosuppression on regulatory T cell numbers. Nevertheless, we found that there are higher regulatory T cell numbers under treatment with sirolimus or everolimus. Rejection episodes were similar under calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors despite different regulatory T cell numbers. Pooled correlation regulatory T cells-glomerular filtration rate was, prospectively 0.114 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.062-0.406), and retrospectively 0.13 (95% CI 0.0-0.361). There is direct evidence although of low level (biomarker-stratified randomisation) on the co-dependency regulatory T cells-mTOR inhibitors efficacy. Conclusions: Regulatory T cells counts may be associated with better outcomes under treatment with mTOR inhibitors (anti-rejection efficacy), considering that there is a relationship between these cells and kidney graft function Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42016046285) (AU)

Peripheral blood regulatory T cell counts as a predictive biomarker for the outcome of kidney transplant: A systematic review. / Recuentos de células T reguladoras en sangre periférica como biomarcador predictivo del resultado del trasplante renal: revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Circulating regulatory T cells could become a suitable biomarker for kidney recipients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors on regulatory T cell numbers, and the clinical interest of this effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review of published and unpublished studies. Worldwide databases or repositories. Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies comparing regulatory T cell counts and rejection episodes between patients with and without mTOR inhibitors were searched. Correlation of regulatory T cells-glomerular filtration rate might be supplied. Co-dependency regulatory T cells-mTOR inhibitors efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS: Five trials and 9 studies were included. Clinical differences made it difficult to obtain quantitative estimates of the effect of immunosuppression on regulatory T cell numbers. Nevertheless, we found that there are higher regulatory T cell numbers under treatment with sirolimus or everolimus. Rejection episodes were similar under calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors despite different regulatory T cell numbers. Pooled correlation regulatory T cells-glomerular filtration rate was, prospectively 0.114 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.062-0.406), and retrospectively 0.13 (95% CI 0.0-0.361). There is direct evidence although of low level (biomarker-stratified randomisation) on the co-dependency regulatory T cells-mTOR inhibitors efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Regulatory T cells counts may be associated with better outcomes under treatment with mTOR inhibitors (anti-rejection efficacy), considering that there is a relationship between these cells and kidney graft function. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42016046285).

Leucoencefalopatía posterior reversible: un caso recurrente y atípico en hemodiálisis / Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: A recurrent and atypical case in hemodialysis

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